ABSTRACT
La insulina-resistencia (IR) es una deficiencia metabólica asociada princi palmente con diabetes tipo 2 y comúnmente relacionada a la etiopatogenia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, siendo el factor determinante del síndrome metabólico. La investigación pretende conocer los efectos cronotrópico e inotrópico del propranolol sobre aurículas de ratas IR. Para ello, 16 ejemplares Sprague-Dawley, fueron divididos en Grupo control, alimentado ad libitum con alimento para perros Perrarina® y Grupo experimental, alimentado con Perrarina®-manteca vegetal, y suministro de agua con fructosa (20%)-sacarosa (20%) durante ocho meses. Al finalizar este periodo, se verificó la insulina-resistencia y las aurículas extraídas se mantuvieron en solución Krebs (37ºC, pH 7,4; 95% O2 - 5% CO2), en baño de órganos aislados marca Letica®, conectado a un polígrafo Grass®, registrándose la frecuencia de los latidos y evaluando las diferencias a través de la prueba t de Student (grado de significancia p<0,05). Se establecieron curvas dosis-respuesta acumulativas con isoproterenol y previa incubación de 15 minutos con propranolol (1x10 -6 M), registrándose un efecto cronotrópico negativo en el grupo control mas no así en las ratas IR, estableciéndose diferencias significativas entre el porcentaje de incremento de los latidos/seg en ambos grupos (Control 58,81±4,08; IR 68,84±4,16; p<0,001). La máxima fuerza de contracción auricular alcanzada por el grupo IR con propranolol (278,47±11,22), generó diferencias significativas (p<0,001), en comparación con el grupo control (42,60±3,13), evidenciándose que el propranolol no generó bloqueo sobre los receptores beta-adrenérgicos auriculares de las ratas insulina-resistentes.
Insulin resistance (IR) is a metabolic deficiency associated with type 2 diabe tes and commonly related to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, being the determining factor of the metabolic syndrome. This research aims to understand the chronotropic and inotropic effects of Propranolol in isolated atrium of rats with fructose-induced insulin-resistance. For this reason, 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to two groups and given ad libitum access to one of the following diets: Perrarina® dog chow or Perrarina® dog chow supplemen ted with vegetable shortening and with fructose (20%) and sucrose (20%) added to the water supply. Both groups were maintained on their respective dietary regimens for eight months. At the end of this period insulin resistance was verified by routine blood test. The rat hearts were rapidly removed, and the atria were dissected and kept in Krebs solutions (37ºC, pH 7.4; 95% O2 - 5% CO2) in an isolated organ bath Letica®, connected to a polygraph Grass®, registering atria frequency. The Student ́s t-test was used to evaluate statistical differences between the two groups (p<0.05). Cumulative dose-response curves with isoproterenol were established in basal condition, and after fifteen minutes of pre-incubation with propranolol (1x10 -6 M). A significant positive chronotropic effect was observed in IR rats (8.84±4.16 vs 58.81±4.08 beats/sec of control; p<0.001). The maximum force of atrial contraction after pre-incubation with propranolol was significantly higher in the IR group (278.47±11.22 atrial contraction percentage; p<0.001). These findings suggest that a blunted response of atrial β-adrenoceptor to propranolol exists in rats with fructose-induced insulin-resistance.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Propranolol/pharmacology , Insulin Resistance , Atrial Function/drug effects , Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology , Heart Atria/drug effects , Heart Rate/drug effects , Myocardial Contraction/drug effects , In Vitro Techniques , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Fructose/administration & dosageABSTRACT
The cardiovascular effects induced by the hydroalcoholic extract of the stem of Xylopia cayennensis (HEXC) were studied in rats using a combined in vivo and in vitro approach. In non-anesthetized rats, HEXC injections produced a significant and dose-dependent hypotension associated with an increase in heart rate. The hypotensive response was not attenuated after nitric oxide (NO) synthase blockade, L-NAME (20 mg/Kg, i.v.). In isolated rat superior aortic rings, HEXC was able to relax the tonus induced by phenylephrine (1 µM) and KCl (80 mM), (EC50 = 85±13 and 62±5 µg/mL, respectively). The smooth muscle-relaxant activity of HEXC was not inhibited by removal of vascular endothelium (EC50 = 58±6 µg/mL). HEXC antagonized CaCl2-induced contractions in depolarizing medium nominally without Ca2+. HEXC inhibited the intracellular calcium-dependent transient contractions induced by caffeine (20 mM) in Ca2+-free solution, but not those induced by norepinephrine (1 µM). In isolated rat atrial preparations, HEXC produced negative inotropic and chronotropic responses (IC50= 534±42 and 259±22 µg/mL, respectively). The results obtained suggest that the hypotensive effect of HEXC is probably due to a peripheral vasodilatation, at least, secondary to an interference with the Ca2+ mobilization as a consequence of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blockade and the inhibition of Ca2+ release from caffeine-sensitive intracellular stores. Finally, HEXC acts directly on the heart decreasing contractility and heart rate, these effects are of little importance to the expression of the hypotensive response induced by HEXC.
Os efeitos cardiovasculares induzidos pelo extrato hidroalcoólico do caule de Xylopia cayennensis (EHXC) foram estudados em ratos, utilizando uma abordagem combinada in vivo e in vitro. Em ratos não anestesiados, EHXC induziu uma hipotensão não dependente de dose associada com um aumento da freqüência cardíaca. Esta resposta hipontesora não foi atenuada depois do bloqueio com L-NAME (20 mg/Kg, i.v.). Em anéis de aorta isolados de rato, EHXC foi capaz de relaxar o tônus induzido por fenilefrina (1 µM) e KCl (80 mM), (CE50 = 85±13 e 62±5 µg/mL, respectivamente). A atividade vasorelaxante do HEXC não foi inibida pela remoção do endotélio vascular (CE50 = 58±6 µg/mL). HEXC antagonizou as contrações induzidas por CaCl2 em meio despolarizante nominalmente sem Ca+2. EHXC antagonizou de maneira dependente de concentração as contrações transientes induzidas por cafeína (20 mM), em meio livre de Ca2+, contudo não alterou aquelas induzidas por noradrenalina (1 µM). Em átrio isolado de rato, EHXC induziu um efeito inotrópico e cronotrópico negativo (CI50= 534±42 µg/mL e 259±22 µg/mL; respectivamente). Os resultados obtidos demonstram que EHXC apresenta um potente efeito hipotensor, provavelmente conseqüência da diminuição da resistência periférica total que parece ser, em parte, devido a uma ação inibitória sobre o influxo de Ca+2 através de canais de cálcio dependentes de voltagem e também através da inibição da liberação de Ca+2 dos estoques intracelulares sensíveis à cafeína. HEXC atua diretamente no coração diminuindo a contratilidade e a freqüência cardíaca, estes efeitos têm importância pequena na expressão da resposta hipotensiva induzida por HEXC.
ABSTRACT
Cardiotonic effect of CI-914 (Imazodan), a PDE-inhibitor, was studied on isolated guinea pig atria and compared with that of isoprenaline(ISO)and amino-phylline (AP).The electrically-paced left atria were used to determine their inotroplc effects, wh:;le the spontaneously beating right atria were used to determine their chronotropic ones.Both ISO and CI-914 showed a significant concentration-dependent positive inotropic effect with similar maximal effects(efficacy), though their potencies were quite different(the pD2 of the former was 7.7 and the latter, 4.7).AP also showed a positive inotropic effect but insignificantly.Both ISO and AP showed a significant concentration-depenednt positive chronotropic effect, and CI-914 tended also to increase heart rate but insignificantly.The extracellular calcium concentration-positive inotropic effect curve could be shifted to the left by CI-914.It is suggested that CI-914 could promote calcium influx through calcium-channels, which is probably one of the mechanisms responsible for the cardiotonic action of CI-914.
ABSTRACT
The cardiotonic activity of MD, a domestic product of AR-L115, BS, was tested and verified in isolated guinea pig atria, compared with that of isopreraline (ISO). The electrically paced left atria was used to determine their positive inotropic action, while the spontaneously beating right atria was used to determine their positive chrono-tropic action. The results demonstrate: (1) MD showed a strong positive inotropic action comparable to ISO. (2) MD also showed some positive chronotropic action, although this is much weaker than that of ISO. (3) The single dose of MD showed that the positive inotropic action developed quite slowly and strengthened gradually for a long time, while the action of ISO developed so steeply that its peak effect can reached within a few minutes. (4) Propranolol can definitely block both inotropic and chronotropic actions of ISO but scarcely those of MD. This suggests that MD is not a ?1-receptor agonist.The experimental results described above are similar to those reports abroad.